“Centoquarantadue” is the Italian word for 142. Its etymology is a perfect example of how Latin evolved into modern Romance languages. It is a compound of three distinct parts:
1. Cento (Hundred)
* Latin Root: Centum.
* Evolution: Over time, the final “m” was dropped in Vulgar Latin.
* Cognates: This is the same root for the English “century,” “percent,” and the French “cent.”
2. Quaranta (Forty)
* Latin Root: Quadraginta.
* Breakdown: * Quadra- (related to quattuor, or four).
* -ginta (a suffix denoting tens, similar to “-ty” in English).
* Evolution: Through a process called intervocalic lenition, the hard “dg” sound softened into the “nt” sound we see in the Italian quaranta and French quarante.
3. Due (Two)
* Latin Root: Duo.
* Evolution: The Latin duo transitioned almost directly into the Italian due. It stems from the Proto-Indo-European root *dwóh₁.
Putting it Together
In Italian, numbers are typically formed by stringing the components together without spaces:
> Cento (100) + quaranta (40) + due (2) = Centoquarantadue.
>
Interesting Linguistic Note: Unlike English, which often adds “and” (One hundred and forty-two), Italian (like most Romance languages) skips the conjunction entirely.
Boustrophedon
It drizzled a bit today. As the students walked through the verandah there were impressions made by their feet. They arrived later than usual today. The younger one tried to leave once but hesitated for a while and then after some time left without attending the complete class.
None of them had done their homework and I don’t recall any excuse. The elder showed me a few reels on Instagram. He joined his friends after the school programs were over. They were dancing in a group at some school on Bollywood filmy songs. He seemed animated while showing me those reels. The festive spirit had gripped those teenagers. They usually play songs devoted to national spirit but the song played on the reel was a romantic filmy song which might have been editing.
They had also visited some places in a procession of bikes. It was supposed to be under a religious banner. It means he belongs to a cult. He told about another friend whose paper I had evaluated last year. He was present in one of the reels.
He wanted me to discuss papers from last year. He selected an English paper for the discussion. It had a section on Grammar like yesterday and a few passages to read. We discussed those. There was someone knocking at the door during the class who was attended by my grandmother. I later enquired who it was. It was some relative with invitation cards for some wedding ceremonies.
Another friend shared another reel in which a young monkey is running near a placid lake. There are temple-like structures, slight background noise and setting Sun.
We discussed maps before he left. This book, in English was from his previous school syllabus. I told him a few details about longitude and. latitude. On the first page he asked questions about the orbits of planets around the Sun. On another page there were details about the Summer and Winter Solstice and Autumn and Vernal Equinox events.
He showed me a picture where the caption seemed to be in a strange mirror like script. I couldn’t interpret it for him.
The younger brother had missed attending the Republic Day celebration on purpose. The elder was spirited and told that there were 10-12 of them who flunked together. They used to bunk classes together it seems. I wondered if they couldn’t pass this year his brother who is already short on school attendance might stop going to school altogether. The younger reported how there were lots of people playing Cricket in the field behind the temple. There was a question in the paper in which they were supposed to write an essay on any one festival of India. He asked me which was the biggest festival. I waited for them to figure it out. They didn’t reason it as if there was a ready made answer to it: Diwali. Longest celebrations and holidays. The festivals do affect these kids more than they affect grown ups. The elder entered the class with snacks. I advised him to keep the empty pack into his backpack as I had thrown the garbage out recently. I swept the room today. The younger brother followed him with a seemingly heavy and lazy demeanor. He was staring into the mirror for a while.
The “Sleepless” Wit of A.D. Godley’s The Casual Ward
Review: The “Sleepless” Wit of A.D. Godley’s The Casual Ward
If you have ever felt that political rhetoric is a circle of empty promises, or that the “spirit of the age” (Zeitgeist) is moving a bit too fast for comfort, you are not alone. You are simply experiencing a classic case of Agrypnia—a term Peter Schmies might define as a spiritual wakefulness, but which A.D. Godley used to dissect the hypocrisies of the British Empire over a century ago.
The Casual Ward (1912) is not just a book of parodies; it is a surgical strike against the “spoon-feeding” culture of education and the “double-speak” of politics.
The Socratic Sting: Politics and Bribes
In the dialogue “Philogeorgos,” Godley brings Socrates back to life to haunt the halls of modern campaigning. He exposes the thin line between a “bribe” and a “promise.” When a wine-seller offers free drinks for votes, it’s a scandal. When a politician promises “Free Food” or “Three Acres and a Cow,” it’s a platform. As Godley’s Socrates notes:
> “When the wine-seller offers Free Drinks… the vote is sold; but when you offer Free Food… it is not the vote which is sold, but only the voter.”
>
The Timbuktu Solution: Education for Sale
Perhaps the most “darkly” humorous section is the “Tutor’s Expedient.” Faced with a “Spruce Youth” who owns an Encyclopædia Pananglica but hasn’t read a word of Homer, and an American Rhodes Scholar elected solely for “Moral Character,” the Oxford Don does the only logical thing: he ships them off to a “Branch Establishment” in Timbuktu.
Godley mocks the imperial arrogance that assumes “Tone and Tradition” can be packed in a crate. The “Zariba” (stockade) in the desert becomes a mirror for the University itself—a place where “Cannibalism is permitted if authorized by the Dean,” provided you have a personal interview first. It is a scathing critique of a bureaucracy that values regulations over reality.
The Feedback Loop of Knowledge
Finally, Godley introduces us to Feedingspoon and Fadmonger. Through these characters, we see the death of original thought. Knowledge is an inscription misinterpreted by a German, copied by an Englishman, lectured by a Tutor, and noted by a student who barely understands it. By the time the Examiner marks the paper, the “truth” is so far removed that it has become a ghost.
Verdict
The Casual Ward reminds us that while the “sky changes” (Coelum non animum mutant), the human heart—especially the political and academic heart—remains remarkably consistent. Godley stays “wide awake” so that we don’t have to sleep-walk through the slogans of our own time.
🖋️ About the Author: A.D. Godley (1856–1925)
Alfred Denis Godley was a man of two worlds. To the public, he was the Public Orator of Oxford University, a prestigious role where he composed grand Latin speeches to honor world leaders and dignitaries. To the literary world, he was the master of the “light verse” and the biting prose parody.
* The Scholar: A Fellow of Magdalen College, he was a giant in the world of “Greats” (Classics).
* The Wit: He was a frequent contributor to the Oxford Magazine, where he skewered the very institution he represented.
* The Legacy: Godley is perhaps most famous for his “Macaronic” verse (mixing Latin and English), such as his poem about the motorcar (The Motor Bus).
* The “Agrypnos“: Godley’s work is defined by a refusal to be bored or fooled. He used the ancient languages of the past to prove that the “modern” world was often just an old folly in a new frock coat.
Grammar and Maths
I parked the bike inside the garage. It was twilight. There were goats returning in a herd. Students were leaving when my father asked me to take help from them to push it up the ramp to park it inside. He had returned with vegetables and groceries. Mother was also not in the house. She first went to a grocery store and then to the house of some acquaintance.
My class concluded with an exercise in their Grammar workbook. It had many questions on articles/subject-verb agreements/comparitive-superlative degrees/countable-uncountable nouns etc in fill in the blanks format with three choices to select from.
Together they answered about half of them correctly though it was just by using chance. They didn’t grasp any of the questions though I kept explaining those. The younger brother kept shifting his answers at random just to sound correct. As soon as he learned that his choice was incorrect he shifted to the other choice.
He made ink star even today in his left hand’s palm with my pen. Prior to that he was using that to pinch his elder brother. Both of them were fighting eachother physically before class commenced as I was busy organising utensils in the kitchen.
Since there’s Republic Day tomorrow, they’re going to attend school only for cultural programs and enjoy sweets. They had completed their homework though the younger student used red ink to complete it. When I tried to explain him that teachers are supposed to use that and he should use a blue ink- he told me that nobody asked him to not use that even in his school.
Today they didn’t use their smartphone which was a great change. I gave them five addition and five subtraction problems as assignement. The younger one was reluctant to not it down.
He was dancing every now and then and then they kept quarreling. Looking into the mirror of the window he told me how he appears bigger in some mirrors and smaller in others. Asked my permission to use body lotion. Then they asked about its price.
I told them about the museum near this city where mirrors give various images in which you appear obese or lean, taller or smaller. I told them they can visit that place though it charges a ticket for a visit. Then I told them that maybe only grown ups are supposed to visit as this archeological site has many valuable items.
We did a couple of problems in Maths. I wasn’t prepared. I used the solution. It uses Congruence. A bit of construction and then proves that two equal length chords intersect at a point which when joined with the centre of the circle subtends equal angles with both of them.
In the next problem there were three girls sitting on the periphery of a circular park. They have a ball which they throw at each other. The distance between first two of them is six meters. The distance between the second two of them is also six meters. The distance between first and the third is to be obtained if the radius of the circle is given. This one uses a triangle by connecting the centre of the circle with the position of the girls. Area of a triangle is one by two multiplied with base of the triangle multiplied with the height of the triangle. The two orientations of triangles are such that one of them gives the half length of the chord and doubling it gives the requisite length.
The Governor’s Oath and the Smelly Socks
I prepared tea once more and served it to parents and grandmother who were sitting in the hall. Placed the chair back to where it belongs. Students lingered after the class as the elder wanted to browse through his Instagram notifications. He wanted me to delete one of the accounts in the accounts centre. We tried but due to the slow network I advised him to do this on some other day.
He showed me a reel made by one of his friends who made it as a bunch of them bunked the school. They’re seen walking towards wilderness. There’s a time lag before one of them notices that they’re being recorded ( using ‘shot’ or ‘captured’ are no better usages for students .) He sets his hair looking at the camera.
The elder is playful. Tells me there are clouds in the sky which might be slowing down the network. He has some change worth fifty rupees which he wants me to have in exchange for a single note because he wants to save up. Change easily gets spent whereas you are careful with the bigger amounts. He told me that he received this money from a friend who owed him only after he coerced him to pay back.
He begins to put his signatures on a ten rupees note. I show them an article on my weblog where I had shared an article with a note bearing signatures of an anonymous person. There’s another article in which I shared an image of a bicycle which is popular as a “samosa vendor”. I show him that a ten rupees bill is a legal document. There’s an oath by the governor. There are multiple Indian languages. His signatures are similar to graffiti. I show them some images from various parts of the city I had uploaded on my weblogs a few years ago.
I refused to keep those notes in my wallet in place of a bigger denomination note because they’re most probably going to get worse after being there for a long time.
I know these students don’t understand much about why they should leave those notes without marking them with ink. It’s similar to why graffiti is found in all public bathrooms and monuments. I witnessed a lot of raw creativity like this.
The younger one is busy creating a star on his left hand’s palm after pasting the sticker from his pen onto the table in the room. It’s thrown into the dustbin after they leave. He didn’t throw it away despite my asking it to him. I look under the table after they leave. There’s dust. I need to sweep the room tomorrow. It has been a few days. The elder had smell of socks and an excuse of cold weather to not wash his feet.
I ask them a few questions to keep their attention grounded as it wanders off too often. They have decided that I should read chapter second from Hindi textbook Kritika. It’s written by Mridula Garg. It’s about women in her life.
I open the image of Mridula Garg in the Wikipedia article. She’s alive! Now it’s their turn to use adjectives like “Budhiya”( old lady ) for her. They’re not very different from adjectives used by her in the chapter for her grandmother.
The systematic linear breakdown of the chapter in this article is neither necessary nor amusing. I think I asked them meaning of a few key terms before beginning to explain them–it brought them back from looking into Instagram feed or playing with new metal bangles ( steel kada .) The younger one has been given the old bangle by the elder who has bought a new one for fifty rupees.
They both went to school yet none of them have done their homework. I ask them to complete that without giving them any more. Mridula Garg was given The Brothers Karamazov to read by her father at an age of nine years. Which seemed like an unusual complexity for such a young mind. Other than being a ethical question about whether such a complex fiction should be read by such a young mind. The author might have been precocious though she tells about reading it multiple times in her life before beginning to appreciate it. She had read one chapter in particular many times which made her almost memorise the details. It was about the agony faced by young children.
The rest of the story highlights how there were too many unconventional things in her family and supposed reasoning for those. Like for example- ladies who wrote a lot or dared to break norms. It seems that her family enjoyed some elite like status and a lot of what is portrayed as feminism is actually being guarded without knowing it. Maybe she published the work at an age when such veils are not uncovered. For an audience which readily believes all that happened to be true. Her reading at a young age something by Dostoevsky suggests that her later literary achievements were built on a solid foundation created by her family. It’s a chapter about her family. She clearly appears to be fond of her family instead of being unbiased or critical. The chapter was supposed to be read by ninth class students who might not be gifted enough to read and appreciate The Brothers Karamazov or even critical enough to sense that her account is a make-believe portrait of an elite family.
There’s even an incident in which her sister gets something on demand from some elite source to make a positive impression on entire neighborhood. It must have been written to create a good impression on her sister and to highlight how elite her family was- which is the purpose of the entire chapter. The chapter is supposed to be about feminism. I discuss suffragate briefly with my students and conclude the chapter.
Xanthiappe, Lagniappe, Inexhaustible, Unexhaustible
This makes for a weak Time Travel fiction. There’s a class of people who are fond of time travel so much that they literally believe in it, as it’s presented in science fiction, in novels or on the big screen. Even if I travelled in time it was so costly, similar to as shown in the movies, I never wanted to repeat it. It wasn’t liberating. It was binding. It was produced by a binding agency because everything of value is produced by some agency or the other.
Fundamental desire to travel back in time is to improve with respect to some standard. When you examine these standards thoroughly you find them to be flawed or mostly posing conditions impossible to fulfil. The desire fades. Desire to travel to a future is to escape the present. It’s being prey to optimism.
It’s from here: the message was sent to my younger self. It was another interlocutor. Online acquaintance on a forum which is now defunct. Wayback Machine might take you to those wayward wardens dense mesne Nescafe feline felicity citylights.
I had memorised the word ‘inexhaustible’ as an adjective for a source of energy. Nuclear energy- in an essay on Wonders of Science. Memorise the essay once in class sixth or seventh and continue to reproduce it in the next four or five classes until you reach college. Or even in college if you would.
I highlighted the usage in the work of Xanthos(Xanthous), who was supposed to be from China. He had used unexhaustible instead of inexhaustible. He was already in the league of those who had contributed 1000 posts on the forum. He dissected my Grammar after I questioned his version of Philosophy on a specific religion. Instead of accepting this one to be an archaic usage he came up with following usages from literature where un version was used.
I don’t know if he won. I made an article with a red colored font with all capitals. I had already made it into the elite contributors echelon by contributing 1000 articles. It would be a wild guess to suggest that my student was actually using red ink in a similar manner though it’s true that whenever I mentioned Xanthos I recalled how he was the only one who tried to correct my grammar online. Twenty one years online ( on and off ) and only one individual who had similar views about dialectics or debates or discussions.
After one forum crashed I discovered the second corner online. He appeared there as well and our discussion created such a nuisance for admin that a “cooling off” period was needed. When I came across a similar interlocutor who recently used unexhaustible I recalled Xanthos and I thought that he was employing tools I once had but then no more for subtle, poetic or arcane instead of elaborate writing.
Xanthos had a scientific bend of mind though I didn’t like when Henry Quirk suggested that his logic was foolproof because I found many loopholes in it. What do I know? Recently I found an article with plenty of ‘formatting’ or style issues which reminded me how I was using “all the wrong reasons” to sound stylistic when I used the word ‘tentative’ beyond its easily exhaustible limit in discussions. Henry Quirk’s program on Voice of Lafayette. A Hobo With A Shotgun which I couldn’t watch even when I had access to it. Der Engie. Very nostalgic.
That is a fantastic linguistic catch! While they sound like they could be cousins, they actually come from completely different sides of the globe.
It’s a perfect example of how two words can end up sounding similar despite having zero shared history—a phenomenon sometimes called phonetic coincidence.
Comparison: Xanthippe vs. Lagniappe
| Word | Origin | Meaning |
|—|—|—|
| Xanthippe | Ancient Greek (Xanthos + Hippos) | “Yellow Horse.” Famously the name of Socrates’ wife. |
| Lagniappe | Quechua → Spanish → Louisiana French | “The gift.” A small extra gift given to a customer by a merchant. |
The Story of “Lagniappe”
Since your students are currently learning about measures and quantities (like the 1 ser equivalent to 933 grams), lagniappe (pronounced lan-YAP) is actually a very relevant concept!
* Etymology: It started as the Quechua (Indigenous South American) word yapay (“to add”).
* The Journey: It traveled to Spanish-speaking Peru as la ñapa, then moved to New Orleans, where the French speakers turned it into Lagniappe.
* The Concept: If you go to a bakery and buy a dozen donuts, and the baker gives you a 13th one for free, that extra one is the lagniappe.
Connecting it to your Students
You could actually use this to bridge the gap between their Sanskrit story and their math:
* In Godohanam, the greedy Chandan wanted more than he was owed and ended up with nothing.
* Lagniappe is the opposite: it’s the merchant being generous and giving a “little something extra.”
* The “P” Sound: You’re right that the terminal “-ippe” and “-appe” create that snappy, percussive ending that makes them sound so similar!
Would you like me to find a few more “horse” related Greek names like Xanthippe to show how the “Hippos” root works in other names?
Xanthous (pronounced ZAN-thous) has a vibrant etymological history tied to the color yellow.
1. Linguistic Origin
It is derived from the Ancient Greek word xanthos (ξανθός), which means “yellow” of various shades.
* The Suffix: The “-ous” part is a standard English adjective-forming suffix (from the Latin -osus), meaning “full of” or “possessing the qualities of.”
* First Appearance: The word entered the English language in the early 1820s (specifically around 1826–1829) as a way to describe things with a yellowish or golden hue.
2. Historical & Scientific Context
The Greeks originally used xanthos to describe a wide range of “golden” things:
* Hair: It was the go-to word for blond or fair hair (as seen in descriptions of heroes like Achilles).
* Horses: It was used to describe chestnut or palomino horses.
* Textiles: It referred to yellow-dyed fabrics.
In the 19th century, the word became more “technical”:
* Anthropology: It was used to classify people with fair hair and light complexions.
* Biology: It appears in terms like Xanthophyll (xanthos + phyllon / “leaf”)—the yellow pigment responsible for autumn leaf colors.
3. A Famous Connection: Xanthippe
If you or your students have heard of Xanthippe, the wife of the philosopher Socrates, her name is a direct compound:
* Xanthos (Yellow/Golden) + Hippos (Horse) = “Yellow Horse.”
* In Ancient Greece, names involving horses were often high-status, suggesting a wealthy or noble family background.
Comparison for Your Notes
| Name/Word | Meaning | Root |
|—|—|—|
| Kezia | Cassia/Cinnamon (Aromatic) | Hebrew (Qetsiyah) |
| Xanthous | Yellow/Golden (Color) | Greek (Xanthos) |
| Jemimah | Dove (Bird/Peace) | Hebrew (Yemimah) |
While inexhaustible is the standard and preferred term in modern English, unexhaustible does exist as a rare, historical variant. Because it follows a natural English word-building pattern (the prefix un- + exhaustible), it has appeared in literature, though it is often considered a “non-standard” or archaic form today.
Here are a few contexts and examples where unexhaustible has been used:
1. Historical and Early Modern English
The word saw its earliest recorded use in the mid-1600s.
* Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth (1656): In his translations of Italian works, Carey used “unexhaustible” to describe things that were seemingly endless.
* Early Scientific/Philosophical Texts: Before “inexhaustible” (which is modeled after the French inexhaustible) became the firm standard, writers would occasionally use “unexhaustible” when describing natural resources or the divine.
2. Literary and Philosophical Examples
While “inexhaustible” is far more common in the works of writers like Dickens or Joyce, you can find “unexhaustible” in older or more obscure texts:
* John Milton (attributed or similar period): In the 17th century, prefixes were less standardized. A writer might use “unexhaustible” to emphasize the “un-doing” or “lack of” exhaustion.
* Historical Translations: You may find it in 18th-century translations of Latin or Greek texts where the translator chose a more literal English prefix.
3. Comparison of Usage
| Word | Status | Source/Origin |
|—|—|—|
| Inexhaustible | Standard | From Latin inexhaustus. Used in 99% of modern writing. |
| Unexhaustible | Non-standard/Archaic | Formed within English (un- + exhaustible). Found in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) but noted as rare. |
Why use “Inexhaustible” instead?
Most dictionaries (like Merriam-Webster and Oxford) list inexhaustible as the primary headword. Using “unexhaustible” today might be seen as a spelling error by your students’ teachers or by AI grading tools, even though it has a legitimate historical pedigree.
For your students, it’s a great “fun fact” of English: that we sometimes have two versions of a word, but the one that sounds more “Latin” (in-) usually wins out over the one that sounds more “Germanic” (un-) in academic settings!
Perclitation, Mobile Vulgus
In the context of the history of English or the BBC series The Story of English, here are the answers to your questions.
1. What is perclitation?
Perclitation (more commonly spelled periclitation) means to be in a state of danger, trial, or hazard.
It comes from the Latin periculitari, meaning “to imperil” or “to put to the test.” While it is an extremely rare and archaic word today, it belongs to that family of “inkhorn terms”—fancy, Latin-derived words that were fashionable during the Renaissance but often criticized for being “nimious” (excessive) or unnecessary when simpler English words like “danger” or “peril” existed.
2. Why did Jonathan Swift dislike the word ‘mob’?
Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver’s Travels, was a linguistic conservative who loathed what he called the “barbarous” corruption of the English language. He famously attacked the word “mob” for several reasons:
* It was a “clipped” word: Mob is a shortening of the Latin phrase mobile vulgus (the “fickle common people”). Swift hated abbreviations. He felt that cutting words down was lazy and made the language sound “low” and “clownish.”
* It sounded like slang: In the early 1700s, mob was considered trendy “slang” or “street talk.” Swift grouped it with other abbreviations he hated, like “phiz” (for physiognomy), “incog” (for incognito), and “rep” (for reputation).
* Loss of the “polite” tone: Swift believed that once a language started shortening words, it would eventually lose its structure and dignity. He even wrote a famous letter to the Lord High Treasurer in 1712, proposing an English Academy to “fix” the language forever and stop these “innovations.”
The Irony: Swift’s war against mob failed utterly. He once yelled at a lady for using the word, telling her she should say “the rabble” instead. Today, rabble sounds much more old-fashioned, while mob is standard English!
> Swift found the word mob to be a perclitation to the English language—a dangerous trial that threatened to turn a refined tongue into a series of monosyllabic grunts.
George Washington and Cherry tree
If you could make your pet understand one thing, what would it be?
Not all stories are true. I have no pets.
I was reading about Apocryphal/Authentic which are word pairs in the Peter Schmies word classification test when I came across this story as an example of an apocryphal account.
Apography is another interesting word with ‘apo’ ( away from) prefix. It’s a Free Rice level 5 word.
The story of George Washington and the Cherry Tree is the perfect real-world example of an apocryphal tale.
It is a legendary anecdote intended to illustrate Washington’s legendary honesty, but historians agree it almost certainly never happened.
The Plot
The story goes that when George Washington was six years old, he received a small hatchet as a gift. While playing with it, he experimentally chopped at his father’s favorite English cherry tree, barked it badly, and effectively killed it.
When his father discovered the damage, he was furious and asked George if he knew who had done it. George supposedly replied with the famous line:
> “I can’t tell a lie, Pa; you know I can’t tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet.”
>
Instead of punishing him, his father embraced him, declaring that his son’s honesty was worth more than a thousand trees.
Why is it “Apocryphal”?
The story is considered apocryphal because it wasn’t recorded during Washington’s life. It was “invented” by Mason Locke Weems (often called Parson Weems), a biographer and cherry-picker of facts (pun intended).
* The Source: Weems first included the story in the 1806 edition of his book The Life of Washington, years after Washington died.
* The Goal: Weems wanted to provide a “moral role model” for the children of the new American republic. He felt that showing Washington as a paragon of virtue was more important than historical accuracy.
* The Irony: It is one of history’s great ironies that the most famous story about “not telling a lie” is, itself, a lie (or at least a fabrication).
Connection to your vocabulary
* Apocryphal: The story is of doubtful authenticity although it is widely circulated as being true.
* Authentic: A story that could be verified by a primary source (like George’s actual childhood diary), which this is not.
* Canonical: This story is “canonical” to American folklore, even if it isn’t “authentic” to history.
Meme, Swag, Swagger, The Meme Machine
I first came across the word meme in the book The Meme Machine by Susan E Blackmore. After two decades it became a buzz word like reel for small byte sized videos.
A summary of The Meme Machine by Susan E Blackmore:
In The Meme Machine, Susan Blackmore takes Richard Dawkins’ concept of the meme and expands it into a “grand unified theory” of human consciousness. Her central argument is that humans are unique not because of our intelligence, but because we are the only species on Earth that functions as a meme machine.
Here is a summary of the core pillars of her book:
1. The Second Replicator
Blackmore argues that just as genes are the first replicators (using our bodies to survive and spread), memes are a second, independent replicator.
* Memes are cultural units—ideas, habits, skills, stories—that use human brains as their “hosts.”
* They don’t care if they are “true” or “good” for us; they only care if they are reproducible. (e.g., a catchy but annoying song or a dangerous “viral” challenge).
2. We are “Meme Fountains”
Why do humans have such massive brains? Blackmore suggests a process called memetic drive:
* Once our ancestors started imitating (the birth of memes), those who were better at imitating had a survival advantage.
* Because being a “good imitator” required a better brain, memes essentially “drove” the evolution of the human brain to be larger and more complex. Our brains were built by and for memes.
3. The Illusion of the “Self”
This is perhaps the most controversial part of the book. Blackmore argues that the “I” or the “Self” is not a biological reality.
* She calls it the “Self-plex”—a massive cluster of memes that have teamed up for mutual defense.
* The idea that “you” are in control is just another meme that helps other memes stay organized and protected. You are not the driver of the machine; you are the machine.
4. Language and Religion as “Viral” Systems
Blackmore analyzes complex systems like religion and language through a memetic lens:
* Religion: She describes religions as “memeplexes” (complexes of memes) that use threats (hell) and rewards (heaven) to ensure they are passed from parent to child.
* Language: Language evolved because it is a highly efficient way to “package” and transmit memes more accurately than simple gestures.
How this Jibes with Your Dream
Your dream is a perfect illustration of Blackmore’s theory:
* The Law: The strange law about the floor is a meme that has infected the “Local Presidents” and is now being forced onto you.
* The Chip: A literal piece of hardware representing the “data” of identity—it’s the meme becoming physical.
* The Vision Test: If you follow Blackmore’s logic, the “elderly man” giving you new glasses is essentially updating your “Self-plex” with a new way to filter the memes you see.
Summary Table: Gene vs. Meme
| Feature | Gene (1st Replicator) | Meme (2nd Replicator) |
|—|—|—|
| Storage | DNA / Cells | Human Brains / Digital Media |
| Transmission | Biological reproduction | Imitation / Teaching / Social Media |
| Goal | Survival of the species | Survival of the idea |
Swagger: bluster : Swag etymology
The evolution of swag from the 16th-century word swagger to a modern social media titan is one of the most successful “rebrands” in the history of the English language.
1. The Shakespearean Birth of “Swagger”
While the root swag (meaning to sway or lurch) is older, William Shakespeare is credited with first using “swagger” to describe a specific type of behavior.
* In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he writes: “What hempen home-spuns have we swaggering here…?”
* The Etymology: It comes from the Middle English swaggen (to swing or sway), which likely has Scandinavian origins. At the time, it described a person who walked with a defiant, swaying gait—literally “swinging” their body to take up more space.
2. The “Bluster” Connection
As you noticed on Free Rice, bluster and swagger are close cousins.
* Bluster is the noise (loud, aggressive talk).
* Swagger is the movement (the arrogant walk).
Together, they create the “Braggadocio” persona we discussed earlier.
3. The “Swag” Metamorphosis
The journey from “arrogant swaying” to “coolness” happened in distinct waves:
* The Loot (1600s-1800s): “Swag” became slang for stolen goods or “booty.” This connects back to our earlier discussion of the spree (cattle raiding). The “swag” was the heavy bag of loot that made you “sway” as you carried it.
* The Freebies (1960s-1990s): It shifted to mean promotional “Stuff We All Get” (though that’s a backronym, not the true origin).
* The Persona (2000s-Present): In the last decade, popularized by Hip-Hop culture, “swag” (and later “swagger”) returned to its Shakespearean roots but lost the negative “bully” connotation. It became a word for effortless style, confidence, and “aura.”
The Trial of The Pyx
The Trial of the Pyx is one of the oldest and most fascinating judicial ceremonies in the United Kingdom. Dating back to at least 1282 (and likely earlier), it is essentially a formal “court case” held to ensure that the nation’s coins are of the correct weight, size, and purity.
Why is it called a “Trial”?
It is a literal trial. Throughout the year, sample coins are randomly pulled from the Royal Mint’s production lines—one from every batch of every denomination—and locked in pyxes (wooden chests).
Once a year, these boxes are brought to Goldsmiths’ Hall in London. A jury of at least six experts (freemen of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths) is sworn in by the King’s Remembrancer (a senior judge) to deliver a verdict on whether the Mint has followed the law.
The Procedure
The process is steeped in tradition but relies on modern science:
The Selection: Jurors sit at long tables and are handed packets of coins. They must count them and select one from each packet to be placed in a ceremonial copper bowl for testing.
The Testing: The selected coins are sent to the Assay Office, where they are measured, weighed, and chemically tested against “trial plates” (standard samples of pure gold, silver, or other metals).
The Verdict: About two to three months later, the court reconvenes. The verdict is read aloud in the presence of the Master of the Mint (a role technically held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer).
Historical High Stakes
In the past, the Trial was a high-stakes matter of life and death:
The Punishment: If the coins were found to be “light” (meaning the Mint was skimming precious metal), the Master of the Mint could be fined, imprisoned, or in the Middle Ages, even lose a hand.
Isaac Newton: When Sir Isaac Newton was Master of the Mint in the late 1600s, he famously spent years meticulously preparing for these trials to protect his reputation and ensure the integrity of the pound.
Does it still happen?
Yes. While modern coins are no longer made of gold or silver for general circulation, the trial continues every year. It now includes commemorative coins and high-value bullion. In fact, the next Trial is scheduled for February 10, 2026, at Mansion House in London.
Sallekhana Diet and Middle Class Lunch!
1. 6 rotis with bison ghee spread on them. Two curries: one bowl full of arabi, tomato, green pepper and about four teaspoonfuls of beans. Two teaspoonfuls of apple salad. Having requested just four rotis without ghee didn’t have any effects on the kitchen.
2. Need to compare it with Sallekhana diet: it was one roti with two teaspoonful of curry: it meant 600 rice grains.
3. This plate had 2400 ( 2700 ) rice grains worth of rotis ( though I still consider ghee to be complementary as I had requested to not add it ). Vegetables bowl with arabi is equivalent to at least 30 teaspoonful of rice grains: 3000 rice grains. Bean curry is worth 600 rice grains. Apple salad, two teaspoonful is at least 200 rice grains ( that’s an understatement not litotes or meiosis because apple is costlier compared to rice. )
4. Total: 6500 rice grains worth of lunch. It was posh-No. It was a middle class lunch: it wasn’t posh. It was a lunch I used to have a few months ago. Middle class people here consider themselves kings and queens. That’s where the delusional term posh is born from. Upper middle class people start considering themselves to be sole nutrition givers, as if entire world economy revolves around them. Even in terms of pure rice grains worth it was 10.33 times costlier compared to Sallekhana diet.
Cost comparison:
1. Apple: about 90 rupees per Kilogram it’s 2.25 times costlier compared to rice grains so one on one comparison used here isn’t justified though I have no other way to convert these else I won’t be able to manage on a regular basis in the given rubric.
2. Comparing ghee with apple: ghee wins as the costliest item in your plate. Giving up ghee altogether might save your pocket and do a good, a lasting good to your health and happiness if you can convince the kitchen for it.
3. Ghee is 6.88 or 7 times costlier compared to even apple: the second highest in terms of cost.
4. Wheat is 25 rupees per Kilogram which means it’s one item worth less than rice grains which are 40 rupees per kilogram.
5. On an average, 30 grams of wheat flour or atta is needed to prepare one roti.
6. One teaspoonful of heaped sugar is 7.5 grams of sugar. Normal teaspoonful is 4 grams.
7. Let’s take heaped teaspoonfuls as rubric to measure rice grains and wheat grains.
8. Six rotis are worth 180 grams of wheat which is, at the rate of 40 grams per rupee, less than a rupee per roti. Adding cooking cost, LPG ( Liquid Petroleum Gas) cost and serving, some hotels here sell twenty rupees per four pieces or four rupees per roti. Which means 25 rupees for six rotis. Which means 9375 rice grains at the rate of 375 rice grains per rupee. This won’t be a good conversion.
9. Equivalent conversion which is sustainable is 180 grams of wheat or 2700 rice grains. Here, we haven’t added cooking cost similar to ghee cost. We can update the total rice grains amount today into conversion and arrive at 6500 rice grains. If we added ghee cost it would have been 12-15 times costlier compared to Sallekhana diet. Sallekhana diet was just a few days ago: one roti without ghee and two teaspoonful of curry or rice which was sometimes stale and sometimes fresh.
Why Did I Give Up Writing?
What public figure do you disagree with the most?
Step 1: Imagine a public figure. Stats ( referal in public figure’s stats mostly from Automattic ) booming.
Step 2: Public figure has absolutely no original opinion: disregard.
Step 3: What or Which? Basics of Grammar though you would never get as simple a job as a prompt generator for Automattic.
Step 4: Look what their prompt did! Nothing.
Step 5: There were no public figures I disagreed with.
Step 6: Didn’t mean I agreed with public figures. There was nothing to agree or disagree with. Agreement or disagreement changed nothing in the machinery.
Step 7: I questioned why prompts which zoned out to inter, as in- public figures, brand names and zoned in to intra- careers, biography, autobiography meant nothing.
Dancing light of grace 